View source for Academie Duello Glossary

This is a list of common Italian-school WMA terms used in the Academie Duello curriculum. Many terms are listed in Italian, with English translations.

== Footwork ==
Below is a list of common terms for footwork. These terms are applicable to all of the combat taught at Academie Duello, be it longsword, sidesword, rapier, quarterstaff, or unarmed (or anything else, really!)

=== Line (of Direction) ===
''or lateral distinctions''

When discussing footwork, the ''line'' is the imaginary line directed from the centre of your body to the centre of the opponents body. Usually, your feet should straddle the line, with the left foot to the left of it, and the right foot to the right of it. The following terms describe a step's relationship to the line:

* '''In-line''' or "On the line" means that there is no change in the foot's lateral distance from the line based on its starting and ending positions. ''In-line'' steps are straight forward or straight back. If not otherwise specified, footwork is usually assumed to be in-line.
* '''Off-line''' means that the foot's lateral distance from the line has ''increased'' after the movement. ''Off-line'' steps move the right foot to the right (as well as forward or backward) or the left foot to the left.
* '''Cross-line''' means that the foot crosses the line in the course of its movement. ''Cross-line'' steps bring the right foot to the left (usually passing in front of or behind the left foot) or the left foot to the right.

=== Steps ===

* '''Advance''' or ''Advancing Step'' - also "Forward step" or "Small step forward"; Italian "''accrescimento''", from the verb ''accressere''. An advance is a short step forward with the front foot, followed by a step forward with the back foot. When the back foot does not follow, this is known as an advance of the front foot (also known as a demi-lunge). The advance can be in-line, off-line, or cross-line.
** '''Lunge''' or ''lunging step'' - an advance of the front foot accompanied with a shift of weight onto the front foot. Further variants of the lunge are described in the ''rapier attacks'' section.
* '''Retreat''' or ''retreating step'' - also "Step back" or "Small step back"; Italian "''descrescimento''", from the verb ''descressere''. A retreat is a short step backward with the rear foot followed by a step back with the front foot. When the front foot does not follow, this is known as a retreat of the rear/back foot. The reatreating step can be in-line, off-line, or cross-line.
* '''Pass''' or ''passing step'' - also "Pass forward" or "Pass back"; Italian "''passada''", from the verb ''passare''. A pass brings the rear foot forward past the front foot, or the front foot back past the back foot. This step can be done with or without a ''mezza volta'' (turn of the hips) as discussed below. In rapier and quarterstaff, the passing step is frequently done as a pair without a mezza volta, ending with the same foot forward that began. The passing step can be done in-line, off-line, or cross-line.
* '''Compass Step''' - A compass step is a movement of the rear foot that rotates the body around the front foot. It is usually done following an off-line ''advance'' or ''pass'' in order to reorient the body towards the opponent (bring the body back on the line).
* '''Triangle Step''' - A triangle step is an off-line pass paired with a compass step. The off-line pass can be a pass forward at an angle, or it can be straight to the side, resulting in a change of lead foot with no forward movement.
* '''Gather Step''' - Also known as either a "Gather forward" or a "Gather back", the gather step brings the feet together, either rear foot to the front foot or vice versa. The gather step can be used as part of a changing or chasing step (see below) or as an evasion of the lead leg (''riunita'').
* '''Half-Pass''' - A half-pass is a large step with either foot, usually done following a gather step to perform either a changing step or chasing step. Like the passing step, the half-pass can be done forward or backward, as well as in-, off-, or cross-line.
* '''Changing Step''' - A gather forward followed by a half-pass back of the other leg, or a gather back followed by a half-pass forward of the other leg, resulting in a change of the forward foot.
* '''Chasing Step''' - Also known as either "Chase forward" or "Chase back", the chasing step is a gather forward followed by a half-pass forward of the foot that was originally forward, or a gather back followed by a half-pass back of the foot that was originally back. The chasing step covers roughly the same distance as a passing step, but does not change the lead foot.

=== Turns (of the Body) ===

Knowledge of the turns is particularly useful in longsword, sidesword, and close-quarters work, as well as related disciplines such as polearms. Rapier tends to avoid turns other than the occasional mezza volta.

* '''Volta Stabile''' - English: "Stable Turn." A ''volta stabile'' is a turn of the hips on the balls of the feet without stepping. Generally, a ''volta stabile'' keeps the hips oriented to the same side of the line of direction. Most commonly found in grappling and longsword, examples include a turn from posta di donna to posta di donna altara, a thrust from a rear-weighted posta finestra into either a forward finestra or posta longa, or the turn away from the opponent that really sets in a middle key.
* '''Mezza Volta''' - English: "Half-Turn." A ''mezza volta'' is a change of the lead foot that changes the orientation of the hips to the opposite side of the line of direction. Common examples include a ''passada'' (passing step) in longsword or sidesword, or a triangle step.
* '''Tutta Volta''' - English: "Full-Turn." A ''tutta volta'' is a turn that changes your facing 180 degrees (e.g. from north to south). This is done by a cross-line movement of one foot, followed by a volta stabile. It can be done front foot crossing in front, front foot crossing behind with a pass, back foot crossing behind, or back foot crossing in front with a pass.

== General Swordplay Terms ==

=== Parts of the Sword ===

'''Spada''' - English: "Sword." The sword has two main distinctions: the ''blade'' and the ''hilt''.
See also [[Anatomy of the Rapier|Anatomy of the Rapier]].
* The '''hilt''' consists of the ''guard'', ''grip'', and ''pommel''.
** The '''pommel''' is the counterweight that is on the end furthest from the point. 
** The '''grip''', or handle, is what you hold on to. 
** The '''guard''' protects the hand, and can be ''simple'', like the crossbar of a longsword or arming sword, or ''complex'', like those on rapiers and sideswords. ''Complex'' guards may feature ''finger-rings'', ''sweeps'', ''cups'' and a ''knuckle-bow''. In a complex hilt the arms of the crossbar are also known as ''quillons''.
* The '''blade''' has many divisions.
** '''Punta''' - English: "Point." The portion of the blade employed in the thrust.
** '''Debole''' - English: "Weak." The half of the blade closer to the point.
** '''Mezza Spada''' - English: "Middle of the Sword," or "Mid-Sword."
** '''Forte''' - English: "Strong"; also ''Tutta Spada'' (''Fiore''). The half of the blade closer to the guard.
** '''Filo Dritto''' - English: "True Edge." The true edge aligns with the knuckles of the lead hand, and is the default edge for cuts and parries. On a sword with a knucklebow, the true edge aligns with the knucklebow when held correctly.
** '''Filo Falso''' - English: "False Edge." The other edge.
* The blade may also include some of the following:
** '''Ricasso''' - The ricasso is an unsharpened portion of the forte, extending from the crossbar or quillons.
** '''Fuller''' - The fuller is a groove in the sword that lightens and strengthens the blade. Sometimes erroneously referred to as a ''blood-groove''.

=== Line (of Attack) ===

There are four lines of attack: ''inside'', ''outside'', ''high'', and ''low''. All attacks will be a combination of inside/outside and high/low. When both hands are on the weapon, the line of attack is determined in relation to the lead hand.
* '''Inside''' defines the side of the weapon arm on which the chest is found.
* '''Outside''' defines the side of the weapon arm on which the back is found.
* '''High''' defines all attacks made to a target above the lead hand.
* '''Low''' defines all attacks made to a target below the lead hand.

In the case of multiple weapons (e.g. rapier and dagger, two swords), it is possible to be inside one weapon and outside the other, or inside both.

Lines may be ''open'', ''constrained'', or ''closed''.
* A line is '''open''' when it is unimpeded by the opponent's weapon or secondary.
* A line is '''constrained''' when the opponent has advantage over it, but it is not ''closed''.
* A line is '''closed''' when it is completely impeded by the opponent's weapon or secondary.

=== Turns (of the Sword) ===

There are three turns of the sword in addition to (and separate from) the three turns of the body. The sword can turn around its '''point''', '''mezza spada''', '''guard''', or '''pommel'''.

* '''Volta Stabile''' - English: "Stable Turn." A ''volta stabile'' of the sword is a longitudinal rotation of the weapon. Examples include a turn from ''terza'' to ''seconda'' (rapier), or from ''posta longa'' to ''posta finestra'' (longsword).
* '''Mezza Volta''' - English: "Half Turn." A ''mezza volta'' of the sword moves the sword around the opponent's weapon, from the inside line to the outside line (or vice versa), or from the high line to the low line (or vice versa). The fulcrum of the turn is the lead hand or the forte of the sword, and its motion describes a cone.
** '''Cavatione''' or ''cavazione'' - from the verb ''cavare'', or "to extract"; English: "Disengage." A ''cavatione'' is a specific variant of a ''mezza volta'' where the fencer moves his weapon tightly from one side of the opponents sword to the other, specifically in response to being ''found'' or against a ''beat''. This may be done below the sword, as a ''cavatione sotto'', or above the sword, as a ''cavatione sopra''.
* '''Tutta Volta''' - English: "Full Turn." A ''tutta volta'' of the sword is a fully circular motion of the blade (usually in a plane). It usually results in the sword moving across both lines, e.g. from low-outside to high-inside.
** '''Stramazzone''' - The ''stramazzone'' is a circular cut that rotates around the sword hand.
** '''Molinello''' - The ''molinello'' is a circular cut that rotates around the elbow.

== Concepts and Strategy ==

Below is a list of common terms for strategy and tactics common to all weapons at Academie Duello. These terms are applicable to all of the combat taught at Academie Duello, be it longsword, sidesword, rapier, quarterstaff, or unarmed (or anything else, really!)

=== Advantages ===

Understanding the three mechanical advantages of the sword is essential for gaining control of the opponent's weapon.

* '''Crossing''' - Crossing the line; if the weapon is ''inside'' the opponent's weapon, point at a target ''outside'' of the opponent's weapon (or vice versa). This is often (but not always) accomplished by being on top of the opponent's weapon. Capoferro informs us that the straight line defeats the oblique line, and the oblique line defeats the straight line.
* '''Leverage''' - Ensure that the point of contact (or most likely point of contact, if the weapons are not touching) between both weapons is closer to your ''forte'' than the opponent's ''forte''.
* '''True Edge''' - Align the ''true edge'' of your sword against the opponent's blade (or towards their blade, if the weapons are not touching). It is easier to push with the edge than with the flat, and the true edge closes the line while the false edge can leave it open.

=== Stringere ===
''or constraint, stringering; weapons may be stringered''

Stringere refers to the strategic use of position or blade action with three components:

* '''Constraint.''' Restrict the available targets for the opponent while presenting threat. This forces the opponent to move into a different line (or recover into a different line) in order to present threat or attack.
* '''Invitation.''' A single, predictable, line strategically presented to the opponent to make their next action more predictable.
* '''Proportion.''' Increasing the tempo of the opponent’s next action so that it will be greater in proportion to the tempo of your next action.

Stringere may be achieved by contra postura or cutting.

* '''Stringere by Contra Postura''' - English: “Counter posture” or “counterguard.” ''Finding'' and ''gaining'' the opponent’s weapon.
** '''Finding the Sword''' is when we employ the ''three advantages'' to ''constrain'' the line of the opponent's potential attack. The key advantage in ''finding'' is ''crossing the line''.
** '''Gaining the Sword''' is when we employ the ''three advantages'' to ''close'' the line of the opponent's potential attack. The key advantage in ''gaining'' is ''leverage''.
* '''Stringere with a Cut''' must either displace the opponent’s sword or end with the opponent’s sword gained.
** The '''beat''' is a horizontal ''mezza'' cut directed at the opponent's sword with the intention of displacing its point.
** The '''half-cut''' is a ''mezza'' cut directed at the opponent's sword with the intention of displacing the whole sword.

=== Tempo ===
''or temporal distinctions''

Tempo is the measurement of motion between stillness, and stillness between motion. In fencing, it can refer to a few qualities of an action:

* '''Length of Action''' describes how long an action takes: one cut can take longer than another, so one has a longer tempo than the other.
** '''Proportion''' describes how long an action takes in relation to another action.
* '''Number of Movements''' describes the complexity of an action by separating it into its component movements, with a change of direction splitting the tempo of an action. A cut from a point-on-line position can be described as a two-tempo action, with one tempo the preparation of the cut, the second the delivery of the cut. Likewise a fixed-footed lunge from a point-on-line position would be a single-tempo action, the sword extending forward in a single movement.
* '''Opportunity for Attack''' describes an opportunity to strike an opponent.
** '''Primo Tempo''' - English: “First Time.” This is the opportunity provided by an opponent entering measure (usually misura larga). The tempo is that of the opponent’s step into measure. The primary quality is that the opponent cannot make a backwards movement if he/she is in the middle of a forward movement. Primo tempo is also striking the opponent while they ''fix'' in measure.
** '''Dui Tempi''' - English: “Two Times.” This is the opportunity provided by “spending a tempo to gain a tempo,” using one discrete action to create an opportunity to strike. Common dui tempi actions include: Beating a sword to displace it then striking; parrying an attack then making a risposta; voiding an attack then making a risposta. The primary quality is that the strike occurs during the opponent’s recovery (during the tempo of the opponent bringing their weapon back on line, or into a position of threat or cover).
** '''Mezzo Tempo''' - English: “Half Time.” This is the opportunity to strike during an opponent’s non-offensive action, usually at closer measures where it is easier to manipulate proportion. Common mezzo tempo actions include: Striking an opponent in the preparation of a cut; striking an opponent halfway through a disengage; striking an opponent during a non-offensive guard change.
** '''Contra Tempo''' - English: “Counter Time.” This is the opportunity to strike during an opponent’s offensive action with a shorter attack of your own that closes the line.

Actions may be '''in tempo''' or '''out of tempo'''.

*'''In Tempo''' is an attack or action that is done in time with an opponent’s action, or while the opponent fixes.
** '''Fixing''' is when a combatant spends a tempo unprepared to either offend or defend.
* '''Out of Tempo''' is an attack or action that is done while the opponent is still and ready.

=== Misura ===
''or measure, distance''

''Misura'' describes the distance from the weapon to its target. When not otherwise specified, the target is the opponent's torso.

* '''Fuori Misura''' - English: "Out of Measure." The distance where the target is out of reach with any single step.
* '''Misura Largissima''' - English: “Widest Measure.” The distance where a strike to the target requires a passing step.
* '''Misura Larga''' - English: “Wide Measure.” The distance where a strike to the target requires an advance of the front foot.
* '''Misura Stretta''' - English: “Narrow Measure.” The distance where a strike to the target requires no movement of the feet.
* '''Misura Strettissima''' - English: “Narrowest Measure.” The distance where a strike to the target will hit even with a retreating step.

'''Finding measure''' (e.g. ''find misura larga'') is approaching to a measure without giving up a tempo (through appropriate use of cover, etc.)

===Giocco Largo & Giocco Stretto===
''Wide and close play''

The context of swordplay can be categorized as ''giocco largo'' or ''giocco stretto'' based on the level of threat presented by the opponent's weapon.

'''Giocco Largo''' - English: "Wide Play." In ''giocco largo'' the opponent's weapon does not present an immediate threat, as when they are in a withdrawn guard (e.g. ''guardia alta'' or ''posta di dona''), or when their weapon has been displaced from the line.

'''Giocco Stretto''' - English: "Close Play." In ''giocco stretto'' the opponent's weapon presents an immediate threat (usually with the point), and you must cover or displace the opponent's weapon to stay safe.

== Rapier ==

=== Guards ===

Rapier guards are defined by ''weight distribution'' and ''hand position''.
* '''Withdrawn''' - or ''defensive position'', ''defence'', is a position where the body leans back at the hips, centering the chest over the rear leg, with the weight primarily on the rear leg (back knee bent, front knee almost straight). The guard position of ''terza'' is withdrawn.
* '''Extended''' - or ''offensive position'', ''offense'', is a position where the upper body extends forward from the hips, with the weight still on the rear leg (back knee bent, front knee almost straight). The guard positions of ''prima'', ''seconda'', and ''quarta'' are all extended.
* '''Lunge Position''' - This is the final position of the ''lunge'': the sword-arm and the body are extended, with the body's weight primarily on the lead leg (back leg extended, front knee bent). The lunge is usually defined by the hand position, e.g. "lunge in quarta" or "lunge in seconda."

Hand positions:

* '''Prima''' or ''prima guardia'' - English: "First," "First Guard." In the hand position of ''prima'' the true edge of the sword is facing the ceiling. In the guard of ''prima'' the sword is held extended above shoulder height and the body is extended.
* '''Seconda''' or ''seconda guardia'' - English: "Second," "Second Guard." In the hand position of ''seconda'' the true edge of the sword is directed to the ''outside line'' (the hand is palm down). In the guard of ''seconda'' the sword is held extended at shoulder height and the body is extended.
* '''Terza''' or ''terza guardia'' - English: "Third," "Third Guard." In the hand position of ''terza'' the true edge of the sword is directed to the floor. In the guard of ''terza'' the sword is held extended in front of the flank and the body is withdrawn.
* '''Quarta''' or ''quarta guardia'' - English: "Fourth," "Fourth Guard." In the hand position of ''quarta'' the true edge of the sword is directed to the ''inside line'' (the hand is palm up). In the guard of ''quarta'' the sword is held extended at shoulder height and the body is extended.

In general, there are two categories of dagger/off-hand positions with the four guards:
* '''Open''', or ''open position'' is when the dagger/off-hand is held apart from the sword, usually beside the head.
* '''Closed''', or ''closed position'' is when the dagger/off-hand is held in unity with the sword or sword arm. In the closed position either the dagger's pommel or its point (or the elbow/fingers, in the case of the off-hand) will be in near-contact with the sword or sword arm.

There are two additional guards used in rapier and dagger:
* '''Quinta''' or ''quinta guardia'' - English: "Fifth," "Fifth Guard." In ''quinta'' the sword hand is in a low terza, point low, with the dagger resting over the sword-arm's wrist. The body is withdrawn.
* '''Sesta''' or ''sesta guardia'' - English: "Sixth," "Sixth Guard." In ''sesta'' the sword hand is withdrawn in a low terza, point high, with the dagger extended so that the point of both weapons meet at shoulder-height. The body is extended.

Blue cords will also learn ''refused'' stances.
* '''Refused''' guards withdraw both the sword arm and the sword leg, e.g. a right-handed fencer will stand with their left foot leading. There are ''refused'' variants of all four guards.

=== Attacks ===

The rapier's primary attack is the '''thrust''', generally delivered in the form of the '''lunge''', an extension of the arm followed by a lean of the body (going into an ''extended'' position), followed by an advance of the front foot powered by an extension of the rear leg, ending in the ''lunge position''. '''Recovery''' from the lunge follows the same steps in reverse: from the lunge position withdraw the front foot into an extended position, then recover the body into a ''reverse-weighted'' position. Generally, the lunge is done in either ''seconda'' or ''quarta'', depending on the line of attack. By default the lunge is done in line (see footwork), but it may also be done with off-line movement.

Variants on the general lunge include:
* '''Fixed-Footed Lunge''' - A lunge without the advance of the front foot.
* '''Passing Lunge''' - A lunge with a ''pass forward'' (without a ''mezza volta'' of the body) instead of the advance of the front foot.
* '''Reverse Lunge''' - A lunge with a retreat of the rear foot instead of the advance of the front foot.
* '''Stocatta''' - A thrust in ''terza''.
* '''Imbrocatta''' - A thrust in ''prima''.
* '''Punta Dritta''' - A thrust in ''seconda'' around the opponent's weapon, with the false edge to their sword.
* '''Punta Riversi''' - A thrust in ''quarta'' around the opponent's weapon, with the false edge to their sword.
* '''Sbasso''' - A lunge/reverse lunge below the opponent's sword, ending in an extremely low position (chest on thigh, if possible).
* '''Passata Sotto''' - English: "Pass Beneath." A passing lunge below the opponent's sword, ending in an extremely low position.

Cutting in rapier follows the terminology of cutting with the sidesword.

=== Special Actions ===

The '''girata''' is a turn of the body, voiding the rear shoulder from the line of the opponent's attack.
* '''Girata Stabile''' - English: "Stable Rotation." A void of the rear shoulder with a turn on the ball of the front foot.
* '''Mezza Girata''' or ''Scanso della Pie Dritta'' - English: "Half/Middle Rotation" or "Void of the Right Foot." A void of the rear shoulder with an on- or off-line advance of the front foot.
* '''Tutta Girata''' or ''Scanso della Vita'' - English: "Full Rotation" or "Void of the Body." A void of the rear shoulder where the rear foot passes behind the front foot.

The '''transport''' is an action of the blade that moves the opponents sword from high to low (or vice versa) or inside to outside (or vice versa).

The '''scannatura''' is a type of transport described in Capoferro's 13th plate.

=== References ===

Much of our rapier terminology and technique is derived from the following works:
* '''Ridolfo Capoferro''', ''Gran Simulacro dell'Arte e dell'Uso della Scherma'' - 1610
* '''Salvator Fabris''', ''Lo Schermo, overo Scienza d'Arme'' - 1606
* '''Nicoletto Giganti''', ''Scola, overo Teatro'' - 1606

The following modern works are highly recommended for rapier study:
* Leoni, Tom. ''Ridolfo Capoferro's The Art and Practice of Fencing: A Practical Translation for the Modern Swordsman''. Wheaton, IL: Freelance Academy Press, 2011. ISBN 978-0-9825911-9-2
* '''Fabris, Salvator''' and Leoni, Tommaso. ''Art of Dueling: Salvator Fabris' Rapier Fencing Treatise of 1606''. Highland Village, TX: Chivalry Bookshelf, 2005. ISBN 1-891448-23-4
* Leoni, Tom. ''Venetian Rapier: Nicoletto Giganti's 1606 Rapier Fencing Curriculum''. Wheaton, IL: Freelance Academy Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-9825911-2-3

== Sidesword ==

=== Guards ===

Guards are positions of the sword and body that function as transition-points in a sword fight; they are positions from which attacks/defences begin, positions where attacks/defences end, or positions where an attack/defence may be interrupted.

All sidesword guards may have either leg forward.

* '''Low Guards''' are defined by both hand position and blade position, e.g. ''coda longe e larga'', ''porta di ferro alta'', or ''dente al cinghiara stretta''.
** '''Coda Longa''' - English: "Long Tail." ''Coda longa'' guards place the sword-hand to the outside of the sword-hand-side leg. They are the natural end positions of ''roverso squalembrato'' cuts. 
*** '''Coda Longa e Larga e Distesa''' - English: "Long tail both wide and extended." This is a ''coda longa''-only variant where the point is low to the ground and extended behind the body.
** '''Porta di Ferro''' - English: "Iron Gate." ''Porta di ferro'' guards place the sword-hand directly in front of the sword-hand-side leg. They are the natural end positions of ''fendente'' cuts.
** '''Dente al Cinghiara''' - English: "Boar's Tooth." ''Dente al Cinghiara'' guards place the sword-hand to the inside of the sword-hand-side leg. They are the natural end positions of ''mandritto squalembrato'' cuts. Sometimes abbreviated to ''Cinghiara'' guards.
** '''Alta''' - English: "High." ''Alta'' describes the sword arm somewhat extended just below shoulder-height, sword point directed towards the opponent's face.
** '''Stretta''' - English: "Narrow/Close." ''Stretta'' describes the sword-hand extended at hip-height, sword point directed towards the opponent's face or body.
** '''Larga''' - English: "Wide." ''Larga'' describes the sword-hand extended at hip height, sword point directed towards the ground.
* '''High Guards''' each have a name to themselves.
** '''Guardia Alta''' - English: "High Guard." Sword arm held straight up, sword vertical or pointing slightly back.
** '''Guardia d'Alicorno''' - English: "Unicorn Guard." Sword arm held straight up, sword pointing at the opponent's face, true edge up. May also be held extended forward from the shoulder, true edge up. Also known as ''becca cesa'' if the sword-hand-side foot is forward, or ''becca possa'' if the sword-hand-side foot is back.
** '''Guardia di Testa''' - English: "Guard of the Head." Sword held extended in front of the shoulder, the point upwards and forwards so that the head is covered from strikes.
** '''Guardia di Faccia''' - English: "Guard of the Face." Sword held extended in front of the face, point forward, true edge to the inside.
** '''Guardia d'Intrare''' - English: "Entering Guard." Sword held extended in front of the face or sword-hand-side shoulder, point forward, true edge down or outside.
* There are two additional guards used specifically when a secondary is employed.
** '''Sopra Braccio''' - English: "Over the Arm." Sword held over the extended buckler/dagger arm, sword point back.
** '''Sotto Braccio''' - English: "Under the Arm." Sword held below the extended buckler/dagger arm, sword point back. This guard corresponds to ''coda longa e larga e distesa'' on the other side.

=== Attacks ===

Attacks are either '''cuts''' or '''thrusts'''. Every cut has a few variations:
* '''Mandritto''' cuts come from the lead-hand side (from right to left, if you're right-handed). When not otherwise specified, cuts are assumed to be ''mandritto''.
* '''Roverso''' or ''riverso'' cuts come across the body (from left to right, if you're right-handed).
* '''Dritto''' cuts are delivered with the ''true edge'' of the sword. When not otherwise specified, cuts are assumed to be ''dritto''.
* '''Falso''' cuts are delivered with the ''false edge'' of the sword.
* '''Tutta''' - English: "Full." ''Tutta'' blows travel all the way through the target, e.g. a ''tutta squalembrato'' would end in ''dente al cinghiara larga''.
* '''Mezza''' - English: "Half." ''Mezza'' blows stop half-way through the target, e.g. a ''mezza fendente'' would end in either ''porta di ferro alta'' or ''porta di ferro stretta''.

There are four lines of cut: vertical, diagonal descending, horizontal, diagonal rising. Each line can be done either ''mandritto'' or ''roverso'' (or ''fendente''/''montante'' in the vertical line), so there are eight cuts altogether.
* '''Fendente''' - from ''fendere'', or "to cleave/cut through"; English: "Cleaver/Cleaving Blow." The ''fendente'' is a descending vertical cut.
* '''Montante''' - from ''montare'', or "to go up"; English: "Rising Blow." The ''montante'' is a rising vertical cut.
* '''Squalembrato''' or ''sgualembrato'', ''squalembretto'', ''sgualembro''. - The ''squalembrato'' is a downwards diagonal cut.
* '''Tondo''' - The ''tondo'' is a horizontal cut.
* '''Sottano''' or ''ridoppio''. - The ''sottano'' is a rising diagonal cut.
Some false edge cuts also have short-hand names:
* '''Falso Dritto''' is a ''mandritto sottano'' delivered with the false edge.
* '''Falso Manco''' is a ''roverso sottano'' delivered with the false edge.

The following terms are occasionally used to describe thrusts:
* '''Stocatta''' - A thrust delivered with the hand in a neutral position (true edge down).
* '''Punta Dritta''' - A thrust delivered with the hand palm down.
* '''Punta Riversi''' - A thrust delivered with the hand palm up.
* '''Imbroccatta''' - A thrust delivered from ''guardia d'alicorno''.

=== Special Actions ===

* '''Assalto''' - English: "Assault." A set play of attacks and defenses used in solo practice and skill display.
* '''Abellimento''' - English: "Embellishment." A flourish of decorative actions signifying the end of a phrase in an assalto.
* '''Bocciolo''' - English: "Flower Bud." A set of attacks that recurs throughout Marozzo's ''assalti'': defend in ''guardia di testa'', strike ''mandritto tondo'' to the leg, ''roverso'' to the arm, and throw a ''montante'' into ''guardia alta''.
* '''Ritocco''' - A beat of the pommel against the buckler.

=== References ===

Much of our sidesword terminology and technique is derived from the following works:
* '''Achille Marozzo''', ''Opera Nova'' - 1536
* '''Antonio Manciolino''', ''Opera Nova'' - 1531
* '''Angelo Viggiani''', ''Lo Schermo d'Angelo Viggiani'' - 1575
* '''Giovanni dall'Aggochie''', ''Dell'Arte di Scrima Libri Tre'' - 1572
* '''Anonymous''', ''Anonimo Bolognese'' - 16th Century

The following modern works are highly recommended for sidesword study:
* Leoni, Tom. ''The Complete Renaissance Swordsman: Antonio Manciolino's Opera Nova''. Wheaton, IL: Freelance Academy Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-9825911-3-0

== Longsword ==

=== Guards ===

Guards are positions of the sword and body that function as transition-points in a sword fight; they are positions from which attacks/defences begin, positions where attacks/defences end, or positions where an attack/defence may be interrupted.

Longsword guards are either ''forward-'' or ''rear-weighted''. Some guards can be either.
* '''Forward-Weighted''' is a position where the body is "forward motivated": weight distribution is slightly more on the front foot. The feet are one shoulder's width apart and two shoulder's widths deep, front foot pointing straight ahead and back foot angled slightly off-line. Both knees are bent, the front knee more than the back knee.
* '''Rear-Weighted''' is a position where the body is aligned in the direction of the rear foot, but the head is facing forward.
Additionally, some guards can be specified as '''destraza''' (English, "Right") or '''sinestra''' (English, "Left"), if they have right- and left-side variations.

* '''Posta di Dona''' - English: "Guard of the Lady." Sword resting horizontally on the shoulder and perpendicular to the line of direction, hands close to the head. Can be forward- or rear-weighted, ''destraza'' or ''sinestra''.
** '''Posta di Dona Altara''' or ''posta di dona la soprana'' - English: "Guard of the High/Proud Lady." Rear-weighted variant of ''posta di dona destraza'' with the arms held high, looking under the lead arm.
* '''Posta Finestra''' - English: "Window Guard." Hands high, beside the head, point forward and crossing the line. Can be forward- or rear-weighted, ''destraza'' (with the wrists crossed) or ''sinestra''.
* '''Posta Frontale''' - English: "Front Guard." Forward-weighted, sword in front of the face with the flat forward, point high and forward, elbows tucked in beneath the sword. Either foot can be forward.
* '''Posta Bicornu''' - English: "Two-Horn Guard." Forward-weighted, sword braced against the chest with the flat parallel to the ground, point directed to the opponent's face or chest, with the pommel-hand inverted. Either foot can be forward.
* '''Posta Longa''' - English: "Long Guard." Forward-weighted, sword directed to the opponent's face/chest with the edge perpendicular to the ground, arms extended. Either foot can be forward.
* '''Posta Breve''' - English: "Close Guard." Forward-weighted, sword directed to the opponent's face/chest with the edge perpendicular to the ground, arms withdrawn. Either foot can be forward.
* '''Tutta Porta di Ferro''' - English: "Full Iron Gate." Forward-weighted, left foot forward, forearms resting on hips, point directed right, close to the ground and as far forward as the ball of the front foot. Usually referred to as ''porta di ferro''.
** '''Porta di Ferro Mezzana''' - English: "Half Iron Gate." Forward-weighted, sword low and on-line, point close to the ground. Either foot can be forward.
* '''Dente al Cinghiara''' or ''cinghiale'', ''zenghiar'' - English: "Boar's Tooth." Forward-weighted, right foot forward, pommel resting outside the left hip, point low and somewhat off-line.
** '''Dente al Cinghiara Mezzana''' - English: "Half Boar's Tooth." Rear-weighted, right foot forward, torso leaning forward, pommel resting outside the left hip, point low and on-line.
* '''Coda Longa''' - English: "Long Tail." Forward-weighted, left foot forward, pommel resting outside the right hip, point low and back.

=== Attacks ===

Attacks are either '''cuts''' or '''thrusts'''. Every cut has a few variations:
* '''Mandritto''' cuts come from the lead-hand side (from right to left, if you're right-handed). When not otherwise specified, cuts are assumed to be ''mandritto''.
* '''Roverso''' or ''riverso'' cuts come across the body (from left to right, if you're right-handed).
* '''Dritto''' cuts are delivered with the ''true edge'' of the sword. When not otherwise specified, cuts are assumed to be ''dritto''.
* '''Falso''' cuts are delivered with the ''false edge'' of the sword.
* '''Tutta''' - English: "Full." ''Tutta'' blows travel all the way through the target (from a high guard to a low guard, or vice versa).
* '''Mezza''' - English: "Half." ''Mezza'' blows stop half-way through the target (from a high/low guard to a middle guard, such as ''posta longa'' or ''posta breve'').

There are three lines of cut. Each line can be done either ''mandritto'' or ''roverso'', so there are six cuts altogether.
* '''Fendente''', pl. ''fendenti'' - from the verb ''fendere'', or "to cut through, to cleave"; English: "Cleaver." An almost vertical downwards diagonal blow. The path of the ''fendente'' enters above the jaw and exits the knee on the other side.
* '''Mezzano''' or ''mezano'', pl. ''mezzani'' - from ''mezza'', or "half." The ''mezzani'' are horizontal blows, usually delivered to the neck or head. The ''roverso mezzano'' is done with the false edge.
* '''Sottano''', pl. ''sottani'' - English: "From Below." An almost vertical rising diagonal blow. The path of the ''sottano'' enters the knee and exits the jaw on the other side.

There are '''five thrusts'''.
* Two are high (from ''posta finestra destraza'' and ''posta finestra sinestra'')
* Two are low (from ''tutta porta di ferro'' and ''dente al cinghiara'')
* One is up the middle (from ''posta breve'' or ''porta di ferro mezzana'')
A thrust from a ''finestra'' guard can be referred to as an ''imbrocatta''. A centreline thrust may be referred to as a ''stocatta''.

=== Special Actions ===

There are two special defences against the thrust.
* '''Scambiar di Punta''' - English: "Exchange the thrust." This defence counters the thrust with another thrust.
* '''Rompere di Punta''' - English: "Break the thrust." This defence counters the thrust by beating it down.

=== References ===

Much of our longsword terminology and technique is derived from the following work:
* '''Fiore dei Liberi''', ''Fior di Battaglia'' - 1409''ish''
* '''Philippo Vadi''', ''De Arte Gladiatoria'' - 1482 - 1487

The following modern works are highly recommended for longsword study:
* Charrette, Robert N. ''Fiore dei Liberi’s Armizare: The Chivalric Martial Arts System of Il Fior di Battaglia''. Wheaton, IL: Freelance Academy Press, 2011. ISBN 978-0-9825911-7-8
* '''dei Liberi, Fiore'''; Leoni, Tom. ''Fiore de’ Liberi’s Fior di Battaglia''. 2nd ed. Wheaton, IL: Freelance Academy Press, 2012.
* Mondschein, Ken. ''The Knightly Art of Battle''. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2011. ISBN 978-160-60607-6-6